![]() ![]() два стула, "two chairs"), where it is now reanalyzed as genitive singular. Old Russian also had a third number, the dual, but it has been lost except for its use in the nominative and accusative cases with the numbers two, three, and four (e.g. Up to ten additional cases are identified in linguistics textbooks, although all of them are either incomplete (do not apply to all nouns) or degenerate (appear identical to one of the six main cases) – the most recognized additional cases are locative, partitive and vocative. Nominal declension involves six main cases – nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and prepositional – in two numbers ( singular and plural), and grammatical gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter). Russian also places the accusative case between the dative and the instrumental, and in the tables below, the accusative case appears between the nominative and genitive cases. ![]() Various terms are used to describe Russian grammar with the meaning they have in standard Russian discussions of historical grammar, as opposed to the meaning they have in descriptions of the English language in particular, aorist, imperfect, etc., are considered verbal tenses, rather than aspects, because ancient examples of them are attested for both perfective and imperfective verbs. Russian dialects show various non-standard grammatical features, some of which are archaisms or descendants of old forms discarded by the literary language. The spoken language has been influenced by the literary one, with some additional characteristic forms. Russian literary syntax is a combination of a Church Slavonic heritage, a variety of loaned and adopted constructs, and a standardized vernacular foundation. Russian has a highly inflectional morphology, particularly in nominals (nouns, pronouns, adjectives and numerals). Russian grammar employs an Indo-European inflexional structure, with considerable adaptation. ![]()
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